Offending object was object of revenge. Old Testament relates that an ox that gored someone was killed and flesh not eaten.
Clans and families held all land. Every seventh year, it banned agriculture. Every 7 years times 7, 49 years, all leases ended, and all land redistributed.
Slavery increased with increase in agriculture and barter. Every 49 years, slaves became free.
Treaties regulated trade and merchants.
Laws prohibited money lending at interest, outlawed perjury and stealing, and used negligence.
During reign of Cyrus the Great, he compiled Mosaic-Law additions by borrowing from Code of Hammurabi. From Babylon, he went back to Jerusalem [-459], taking 5000 Jews with him.
He was governor of Judea under Persian Empire. During reign of Cyrus the Great, he compiled Mosaic-Law additions by borrowing from Code of Hammurabi.
Sanhedrin was highest legal assembly, with seven learned men chosen from scribes, priests, and great families. Small Sanhedrin had 23 judges and tried criminal cases. These courts usually modified the law's harsh penalties.
Pharisees emphasized separation from heathens, strict law observance, and no violence. They used only written law and oral traditions. In higher schools, teaching method was like Socratic method.
Zealots emphasized separation from heathens and strict law observance and used violence to establish state.
Essenes advocated law interpretation based on kindness and mercy and favored poverty, self-denial, and self-subordination.
Priests and administrators sided with Greek and Roman administrators. They used only written law.
He lived ? to 20, codified the Mishnah based on rules {seven rules, Hillel}, and founded Beit Hillel or House of Hillel school. Do not do to people what you would not like them to do to you {golden rule, Hillel}.
Sadducees wanted to make secular state.
He lived ? to 30 and founded Beit Shammai or House of Shammai school, which favored mild restrictions.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225